The confession that God is Father and has eternally begotten His only Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, has been criticized by feminist theologians as patriarchal and oppressive toward women because it uses masculine pronouns. Those who criticize the use of masculine pronouns for God or object to the Bible’s own “gendered” language referring to God (Father, Son, Lord, King) suggest that these titles or names are merely the products of a patriarchal society. If one were charitably to grant such theologians that God, insofar as He is above creation, is neither male nor female, these theologians would nevertheless still deny God’s own self-revelation in Holy Scripture as Father, Son and Holy Spirit. They claim that traditional Christianity, influenced and shaped by patriarchal societies, is fundamentally flawed because it favors maleness and perpetuates sexism and the oppression of women.
To cite a couple of examples, the recently deceased feminist theologian, Rosemary Radford Ruether, believed that God has been misrepresented by traditional Christianity in being portrayed strictly as male. She taught that feminist theology must recover God from this patriarchal tradition. Another feminist theologian, Jana M. Bennett, thinks masculine pronouns for God lead to idolatry: “A god who is too much identified as one of us is a god in danger of being made an idol. This has been precisely the move — overidentification with a male god — that has disturbed previous generations of feminist theologians.”[1] Bennett also observes that “many feminist theologians have suggested that to call God ‘He’ is to perpetuate idolatrous language and assumptions.”[2]
How might Christians today respond to the charge that referring to God with masculine pronouns is sexist or even idolatrous?
Foundations of feminist theology
Christians must be aware of some of the theological origins of feminist theology. It is not necessary to walk through all the historical developments of feminist theology in order to recognize what some feminist theologians presuppose about the Christian faith and about the Bible. They believe the Scriptures are a product of primitive societies, creations of patriarchal men and not of divine revelation. The text of Scripture, they argue, is not authoritative by itself, but needs to be interpreted according to the developments of a progressing society. Truth is relative according to different times and places, they argue. What was true in biblical times about men and women and God is not necessarily true for our time. Their denial of God as male arises not from some inherent lovelessness in Scripture about women, but from a denial of the true God and the Bible as God’s unchanging revelation. Simply put, feminist theology promotes false religion.
The most direct source of this false confession of God is, as far as I can tell, the 19th-century German philosopher and atheist, Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–1872). Feuerbach’s powerful influence on modern spirituality is often overlooked today. He taught that there is no study of theology from divine revelation since there is no God. Rather, theology can only study what human beings think about a “god” they have created. Feuerbach believed that God is nothing more than the psychological projection of an individual’s deepest desires. Hence, when someone studies religion, he is not studying God’s revelation in sacred texts but, rather, human beings and their developing beliefs. Theology, then, primarily tells us about people, not about God. For example, if someone thinks God is all-powerful, it is because that person lacks power and wishes to have that power in God. If someone feels unholy, he may find comfort in having a God who makes people holy.
If we understand with Feuerbach that religion is self-determined and not based on the reality within God Himself, then we can easily reimagine God according to our own ideology. Thus, for Feuerbach and for modern feminist theologians, our notion of God evolves with our desires, unrestricted by the words of Scripture. With this thoroughly relativistic view of truth, feminist theologians evaluate Scripture according to their own self-determined definition of God. They put gender equality, by which they mean life without gender distinction or restriction, at the center of Christianity’s message. To put it bluntly, however, they have an imaginary god. Those who insist on contradicting God’s self-revelation in Scripture may very well believe that God exists, but they don’t know Him since they deny who He is and what He says of Himself. It is like Israel making a golden calf and Aaron saying that this is God who brought them up out of Egypt. It’s simply not who He is.
In response to these feminist readings of Scripture, Christians should be aware that the use of male pronouns is not merely a matter of personal preference or a haphazard accommodation of human language, but a necessary confession of the only true God: Father, Son and Holy Spirit, both as He exists in Himself from eternity and as He has revealed Himself to us. We can only know who God is from His own self-revelation in Holy Scripture. He tells us who He is. To deny the use of male pronouns to refer to God is to deny God as He is and to sever oneself from the Christian church, which confesses and worships not only God as Father, but also confesses the eternal Sonship of Jesus Christ, who is “begotten from the Father before all worlds” (Nicene Creed). God is not merely Father as He relates to us as His children. He is eternally Father to the Son, and they are in perfect communion with the Holy Spirit, one God forever.
God’s revelation in Jesus
If we deny the maleness of God, we deny the personal union of the eternal Son with humanity. God was “made man” and is, by virtue of this union between God and man, male forever. To be a Christian is to worship God in the flesh. As St. John says, “Every spirit that confesses that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh is from God, and every spirit that does not confess Jesus is not from God. This is the spirit of the antichrist, which you heard was coming and now is in the world already” (1 John 4:2–3). Because of the incarnation of our Lord, there can no longer be a discussion of God in the abstract; the Word became flesh (John 1:14). Feminist theology speaks of God apart from Scripture as God’s revelation of Himself and in abstraction from Jesus Christ, who has come in the flesh as a man to redeem all humanity by His death and resurrection.
Christians, male or female, do not conceive of God’s becoming man as an injustice against women. Scripture simply teaches that God the Son became man, born of the Virgin Mary to redeem all mankind, male and female alike (see Luke 2:1–7, 21). God the Father has revealed Himself through His only-begotten Son and saved us through His Son so that in His Son we might receive the inheritance of sons. The inheritance of sons is given us through Holy Baptism, in which God the Holy Spirit makes us all sons of God by faith. That is why St. Paul writes: “And because you are sons, God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying, ‘Abba, Father!’ So you are no longer a slave, but a son, and if a son, then an heir through God” (Gal. 4:6–7).
Feminist theologians who refuse to use the masculine pronouns are missing out on truly knowing God and His salvation. They create a religion based on Feuerbach’s model of religion as self-projection and miss what the true, living and incarnate God has done to redeem all humanity. Christians, who know the God of the Scriptures, are called to bear witness to the truth with their lives, their marriages, their confession of the Holy Trinity and the person and work of Christ, and their trust and confidence in God’s Holy Word.
In love, we should bear witness to those who promote feminist theology, knowing that those who do so don’t know the God of Scripture. We are called to introduce Him to them, as for the first time. Surely there is much more that can be said about the masculinity of God as it pertains to the redemption of His Bride, the church, and the role of men and women made in His image. Concerning the masculinity of God, however, it is of the first order to hear our Lord say, “It is written” and take Him at His word.
[1] Jana Marguerite Bennett, “Telling the Old Story in Gendered Keys: The Theological Revivals of Katherine Sonderegger, Kathryn Tanner, and Sarah Coakely,” Anglican Theological Review 101, no. 2 (Spring 2019): 282.
[2] Jana M. Bennet, “Telling the Old Story,” 281.
Photo: LCMS Communications/Erik M. Lunsford
It seems to me unfortunate that our culture is being sucked off into such distractions of language (word meaning changes, pronoun selection, scientific constructs), given the reality that words make up the overwhelming majority of our public and private discourse–relationally, legally, economically, and especially spiritually. Now with gender fluidity banging at the doors of the Church, Christians are on the dime to respond. This, then is what I like most in this article: the call to bear witness, in love, to the truth of God’s Word.
I’m reminded of Luther’s words: “We must recognize in our hearts and believe that we receive everything from Him and that He is our God; then out with it, and freely and openly confess this before the world–preach, praise, glorify, and give thanks! This is the real and only worship of God, the true office of the priest, and the finest, most acceptable offering.” (Luther’s Works 14:32)
Getting caught up with the He/Him pronouns seems superfluous when we recognize God’s overwhelming use the personal (and in English, at least, GENDER NEUTRAL) pronoun: I! “I Am”, He says. “I am with you always”, He says. “I am the way, the truth, and the life”, He says. “I love you with an everlasting love”, He says. Or how about the “ME” pronoun He uses: “Come unto Me… and I will give you rest”, He says. God’s focus is theocentric to be sure but He always aims it at people. Our focus is egocentric and we always aim it at our autonomy. The difference noted here is at the very heart of the social and political disruption we are currently witnessing. All the more reason to heed Luther’s admonition: “Out with it!” Or as St. Peter writes: “…always being prepared to make a defense to anyone who asks you for a reason for the hope that is in you…with gentleness and respect.” I Peter 3:15
The changing expressions and usage of the English language in our day is more than simply a realignment of common usage and modernization at work. It does not merely reflect a new vernacular for the present digital century focused on artificial intelligence and new algorithms. No, the changes we see are abnormal, often irrational, entirely ungrammatical, and absolutely politically motivated. I am not generally a conspiracy buff, but now that the horse is out of the barn, the globalists themselves no longer hide their intentions beneath euphemisms and slogans, and confusing jargon. The “Great Reset” has finally been acknowledged publicly, after years of lying in wait beneath the wire of public discourse.
One must take off the blinders, see evil for what it is, noting how bad things are always presented in disguise, and the control of the narrative and language is key to taking down orthodoxy and neutering institutions. If you know somebody who works for the U.S. government or a state agency, you will find that administrative employees are now told to write, speak, and affirmatively support current policies on pronoun usage and gender preferences. Common sense, as well as correct grammar, do not stand in the way of these directives. Employees are told these are “suggested” uses, but have the weight of a policy directive. Non compliance is not an option if one wishes to retain their employment. The new rules are in place at “woke” corporations as well, and taught in academic institutions and schools alongside other social topics. Parents who dislike this mandate have no voice. Schools today consider parents who care as hostile to the agenda of re-education as interpreted by woke institutions.
And as far as the church is concerned, the changes are aimed at nullifying the influence of Christianity, which secular modernists consider an obstacle to implementing the far reaching “Great Reset,” and using the accepted language is key to success. Do we see the issue of pronoun usage correctly as an evil thing, a direct assault on our faith, or do we laugh it off as just a silly stage of popular culture? Someday, perhaps when it is too late, we will realize that the Left and their political and social schemes were serious business. While we were amused, they weren’t playing around. As Christians, we need to discern the times, and push back, lest we stand idly by as the foundations of our faith are molested in the name of progress,
Soli Deo Gloria.
Thank you so much for that extensive clarification!
Thanks for this explanation! LOVINGKINDNESS & GOD BLESS!🙏💙
God is “beyond” all sexual distinctions, as Gregory of Nyssa and Hilary of Poitiers taught. If God made humanity in his image “male and female,” then it seems logical that both masculine and feminine reflect God’s nature. The Bible uses masculine language for God, and and we should respect and use that language. But it is also true that a number of passages speak of God in feminine terms, so it isn’t always wrong to think or speak of God as “loving us like a mother,” for instance. The author assumes but does not prove a connection between the feminist theologians he names and Feuerbach, so it’s unfair of him to assert that they all deny the inspiration of Scripture. And John J. Flanagan is heading toward Crazytown with his talk of “the globalists” and the “Great Reset” conspiracy theory.
RE: “The inheritance of sons is given us through Holy Baptism, in which God the Holy Spirit makes us all sons of God by faith.”
Saving faith may also be obtained before baptism, as “the wind blows where it wishes.” (John 3:8) And here are some Bible verses that speak of being a son or child of God in terms of actual behavior:
“Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, so that you may be sons of your Father who is in heaven.” (Matt 5:44,45 ESV)
“For whoever does the will of my Father in heaven is my brother and sister and mother.” (Matt. 12:50 ESV)
“Do all things without grumbling or disputing, that you may be blameless and innocent, children of God without blemish.” (Phil 2:14, 15 ESV)
“Therefore be imitators of God, as beloved children.” (Eph. 5:21 ESV)
“For all who are led by the Spirit of God are sons of God.” (Romans 8:14 ESV)
“Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called Sons of God.” (Matthew 5:9 ESV)
Our adoption signifies not only our eventual inheritance but also our blessed calling this side of heaven. Sonship is an identity which is already our privilege and joy to fulfill as God gives the grace.